David Arnebeck: Private Investigator 1989-1998
David Arnebeck was a private investigator for 9 years working hundreds of cases in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Iowa. Although circumstances and specific objectives would change for each particular case, most focused on determining the legal status of workman's compensation cases for various law firms and insurance companies. Simply put, a judge or insurance company in a questionable case would want to confirm someone was injured so they could pay them benefits, or if they were lying about their injury, withhold those benefits.
Many of these cases were "standard procedure" and uneventful. However, occasionally there were cases that turned out to be quite challenging and sometimes dangerous. A few of these "eventful" and "entertaining" cases are listed below.*
The Shotgun Husband
David Arnebeck and one other team member was tasked with setting up surveillance on a woman with a questionable injury claim in the southern area of Minneapolis. As usual they moved into the neighborhood very early in the morning so the chances of anyone observing them park and move into the back of our SUV's was minimal. The women and her husband left home and they followed them running errands and eventually picking up a car that was at a repair shop. Shortly after the husband left in one car, and after some time the wife left in the 2nd car. Arnebeck was on point following the wife back home and the surveillance appeared to be going well.
As the pursuit neared the claimant's neighborhood, Arnebeck observed the husband in his vehicle parked in a driveway. When his wife passed his car the husband quickly pulled his car into the middle of the street attempting to block Arnebeck's vehicle. As Arnebeck veered to drive around, the husband backed up nearly causing a collision. At this time the husband displayed a shotgun that apparently was laying on his lap. While radioing the development to his partner, Arnebeck started to exit the area. The surveillance had obviously been "burnt" so there was no reason to continue at this time. Normal procedure was to exit the area and possibly return in a few weeks or months with different vehicles.
However the husband was not done. He pursued Arnebeck and tried to get in front of Arnebeck's vehicle. At one point during the pursuit Arnebeck's vehicle was held up behind traffic and the husband exited his vehicle and ran to Arnebeck's door. Thankfully, the husband left his shotgun in his car so Arnebeck did not need to use his vehicle as a weapon or other drastic measure. After the husband tried opening the locked door he yelled "Why are you following me?" as he attempted to break the drivers side door glass with the side of his fist. At this point the vehicles shifted position enough for Arnebeck to drive forward. The husband held onto the door as he realized the vehicle was moving, but soon decided to let go as he was being dragged forward. Arnebeck made a few quick turns and the husband did not pick him back up. Unknown if the husband even tried.
A Murder Discussion and a Thief.
David Arnebeck helped several of his senior martial arts students secure positions as private detectives in his company. Mr. Krohn (who also achieved his martial arts Black Belt under Mr. Arnebeck), worked a lot of cases in Madison and Milwaukee Wi. Mr. Krohn probably wins the "prize" for most dangerous situation encountered during a case. Some times the cases require us to work in dangerous neighborhoods where drug-houses have "lookouts" stationed on the porch or on the street. During one of his assignments in a dangerous neighborhood, Mr. Krohn's surveillance became compromised, and a group of locals surrounded his vehicle. As Mr. Krohn was trying to talk his way out of the situation, the group that had him surrounded discussed whether they should "cap" him or let him go. Basically they were discussing if they should shoot him or not. Fortunately, Mr. Krohn succeeded in talking his way of of that dangerous situation.
On another occasion, Mr Krohn shot video of a car thief breaking into a car that was parked right next to his surveillance vehicle. The video was turned over to the police and the thief was later caught.
The Vehicle Destroyer
David Arnebeck set up surveillance early in the morning on a rural Wisconsin home, unlatching the hood of his SUV to give the impression of the vehicle being left there due to engine failure (a common technique when parking in difficult positions where there are no neighbors or any other reason to be parking there). As often happens, at one point during the day the claimant walked over to the vehicle to peer into the windows. (Actual surveillance is much different than is seen in TV shows or movies. Two guys eating doughnuts while sitting in the front of a vehicle will never work in about 90% of the cases. The surveillance vehicle Arnebeck was using had all of the rear windows tinted dark, with snap down curtains behind each window. There is also a curtain between the front of the vehicle and the rear. So when someone approaches, the curtain behind the window being used is closed so no-one can see the investigator or surveillance equipment positioned in the back of the vehicle.)
After apparently being satisfied by Arnebeck's engine failure scenario, the claimant then proceeded to work on his property throughout the day. After nightfall, Arnebeck exited the area. Later the next day, Arnebeck performed what is called a "spot check", which is a drive by of the claimants property to see if anything significant is occurring or has changed. Normally these are uneventful. Unfortunately, the claimant was just leaving his home at that time and was looking directly at Arnebeck's vehicle as he passed. The claimant decided to start following Arnebeck. Arnebeck drove into the nearest town and took a few turns, but the claimant stayed with him. At one point, when Arnebeck had to stop for traffic or a red light, the claimant exited his vehicle and asked Arnebeck to roll down his window. After a brief discussion the claimant was obviously not happy with Arnebeck's attempt at claiming it must of been another vehicle parked outside his property, so when Arnebeck tried to leave the angry claimant tore both the antenna and driver's side rear view mirror off his vehicle. He than continued to pursue Arnebeck down highway 94 for about 20 minutes before giving up on the chase.
The Motorcycle Gang
This solo surveillance by David Arnebeck started in Southern Minnesota. The claimant was observed loading a Harley Davidson motorcycle onto a trailer. Arnebeck then followed him to Humbolt Iowa and immediately knew he would be out of place as this was a motorcycle drag race event, with most of the attendees being motorcycle club or gang members complete with their jackets and affiliations such as the BPMs, Hell's Angels, and many more.
Arnebeck parked and bought an event t-shirt and Harly Davidson hat to try and blend in, and then decided to set up in the spectator stands. Keep in mind, in those days the camera gear was quite large and was powered by a full size marine battery weighing over 50 pounds, so not that easy to look inconspicuous. Arnebeck eventually secured the one corner seat that allowed video of the staging areas and the race area as well.
All was going well until Arnebeck realized that a rather large biker with the words "Vice President" prominently displayed on his jacket over his affiliation, was staring at him. Up to that time Arnebeck had been only recording the claimant, but now immediately started recording anything and everything at the event in an attempt to look "normal" as the biker continued to eye him suspiciously. However, the biker apparently lost interest after some time without confronting Arnebeck, allowing Arnebeck to continue the surveillance.
In order not to lose that one good spot, nor miss any action (a big no no in surveillance and legal grounds for the "selective editing" argument in court), Arnebeck stayed in that one spot all day getting a nice sunburn and developing blisters on his eyelids, ears and his nose. After the claimant appeared to be done for the day Arnebeck returned to his vehicle after grabbing some food and water, and was leaving the event when he became alert to the fact that the same "Vice President" that was watching him earlier, and about 20 of his bikers, were directly behind him and following him!
Similar to his previous situation the "Shotgun Husband" incident described earlier, one of Arnebeck's options was to use his vehicle as a weapon should the bikers demonstrate intent to do bodily harm. It might make sense for the Bikers to wait for Arnebeck to leave that public event if they decided to confront or attack him in a more private setting. Fortunately, when Arnebeck turned right onto the main road, the bikers turned left and headed the opposite way, with no interest at all in Arnebeck or his vehicle.
The Police Chase
David Arnebeck was on his way to do a spot check on a case with Mr. Reiten. On the way Mr. Arnebeck's SUV was hit from behind. The driver of the other vehicle left the scene of the accident and Mr. Arnebeck took pursuit to obtain his license plate number. Judging by his erratic driving he appeared to be intoxicated as Arnebeck made several quick turns to close the distance with the hit and run driver. At some point a police officer picked up on the chase behind Mr. Arnebeck and then pulled him over. The officer inspected the impact zone on Arnebeck's SUV, took Reiten's information on the hit and run driver, telling Arnebeck he would pay him a visit, but also ticketed Arnebeck for the pursuit. Arnebeck and Reiten then completed the spot check without further incident.
The Triple Pursuit
David Arnebeck was following a claimant in the Minneapolis/St paul area and noticed his vehicle losing power. The engine was racing but power was not transferring to the wheels efficiently for some reason. Not wanting to lose the claimant, Arnebeck was soon driving with an engine that was redlining but not going much faster than 50 mph. At an intersection, Arnebeck was late driving through a yellow light and cut off two lanes of oncoming traffic after the light turned red. One driver, understandably not happy with Arnebeck, began to follow him. It became kind of humorous. Now Arnebeck was trying to follow the claimant, slow vehicle with engine racing, while being followed by an angry motorist, all while trying to remain inconspicuous. Luckily Arnebeck was able to make it through a few intersections that cut off the offended driver, and miraculously still tail the claimant to his destination while remaining undetected. After the tow truck picked up Arnebeck's vehicle the shop reported the vehicle had a transmission oil leak.
The Airborn Pursuit Vehicle
Again, one of David Arnebeck's martial arts students that joined the PI firm "wins 1st place" for most dangerous pursuit. Mr. Piri was following a claimant through an intersection and was hit full force from the side by an oncoming vehicle. Mr. Piri's vehicle actually went airborne and flipped before the totaled vehicle came to rest. Piri sustained a significant injury to his leg that took him years to recover from.
The Jail Cell
Working approximately 100 cases per year, David Arnebeck would often have contact with the police. Most often this would be due to "a suspicious vehicle being reported" in the neighborhood. If an officer approached the surveillance vehicle and actually requested for any occupants to show themselves, standard procedure was always to cooperate with the police. After identifying himself as a licensed private investigator, the officers would normally be asked to report that we were "on official business" or something similar to those in the neighborhood, rather than report that we were investigators working surveillance on a particular individual. Most of the time officers were easy to work with. However, not all officers reacted this way, especially younger less experienced officers or perhaps officers that were just having a bad day. On one occasion, an officer approached Mr. Arnebeck's vehicle and the normal discussion described above ensued. However, the officer decided to take Mr. Arnebeck into custody and soon Arnebeck found himself inside a jail cell in a Northern Minneapolis suburb. After a few hours, Arnebeck was released after his identity and case assignment was confirmed with his PI firm, even though all the surveillance equipment, surveillance notes, along with the written case assignment, were all made available to the officer upon initial contact. After that, Arnebeck successfully continued the surveillance without incident.
Undercover vs Undercover
Another incident where the police were not very helpful: David Arnebeck was on survellance in the southern Minneapolis area and observed the claimant leaving his home. Mr. Arnebeck pursued him into the central Minneapolis area where he parked in a neighborhood with limited on-street parking. Sometimes getting a good parking position to observe a particular location is challenging, especially during a pursuit surveillance when the claimant could leave at any moment. During this particular surveillance, the only available spot was to park on the side of the street in front of some local bystanders. It was normal procedure to wait for a good time to move into the back of a surveillance vehicle, rather than having the locals or neighbors observe you move suspiciously into the back of a darkened vehicle.
As Mr. Arnebeck was keeping an eye on the claimant's vehicle and waiting for a good time to move to the back of his SUV, a woman approached and started asking questions. It soon became apparent that the woman was a prostitute interested in doing business. Now since this was undercover work in a fairly bad part of town, and the simple rule for successful surveillance is you should not look out of place if you want to maintain your cover, Arnebeck dealt with the woman as best he could as she tried to determine why he was parked there. It would have been a lot easier discussion if Arnebeck knew that this was, in fact, an undercover police officer trying to make arrests in the area. Soon Mr. Arnebeck had a police cruiser pull up to his vehicle and several officers started asking him questions. Even though it was fairly obvious that Arnebeck was on duty based on the surveillance equipment, the written case assignment, and the fact that the claimant's vehicle was parked about a block away, the officers seemed more interested in interrogation and writing a ticket. Arnebeck was ticketed for "solicitation" and sent on his way, but by this time the claimant had left the area. The solicitation ticket and file were eventually discarded from the court record.
City Workers Party
David Arnebeck was part of a small team of investigators tasked with observing a Minneapolis city employee that worked as a night-time cleaner around the Nicollet Mall area of the city. The employee not only avoided his job duties, he and his entire crew were documented going out clubbing and drinking while on duty. This case made national news headlines after the City of Minneapolis went public concerning the event.
Head of Operations and the Warrior's Cove
After hundreds of successful investigations throughout Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin, David Arnebeck was promoted to Head of Operations for the Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and Southern Minnesota region for his firm. In 1998 the combined workload of private investigation along with the continued growth of his martial arts gym, the Warrior's Cove, Arnebeck decided to submit his resignation in order to devote his full time and energy into working with his students. The Warrior's Cove Gyms continued to grow into the leading organization providing reality based MMA, Rickson Gracie Jiu Jitsu, Fitness Kickboxing, Kids and Family Classes, and Free Women's Self-Defense for the Minneapolis and Saint Paul MN area.
Many of these cases were "standard procedure" and uneventful. However, occasionally there were cases that turned out to be quite challenging and sometimes dangerous. A few of these "eventful" and "entertaining" cases are listed below.*
The Shotgun Husband
David Arnebeck and one other team member was tasked with setting up surveillance on a woman with a questionable injury claim in the southern area of Minneapolis. As usual they moved into the neighborhood very early in the morning so the chances of anyone observing them park and move into the back of our SUV's was minimal. The women and her husband left home and they followed them running errands and eventually picking up a car that was at a repair shop. Shortly after the husband left in one car, and after some time the wife left in the 2nd car. Arnebeck was on point following the wife back home and the surveillance appeared to be going well.
As the pursuit neared the claimant's neighborhood, Arnebeck observed the husband in his vehicle parked in a driveway. When his wife passed his car the husband quickly pulled his car into the middle of the street attempting to block Arnebeck's vehicle. As Arnebeck veered to drive around, the husband backed up nearly causing a collision. At this time the husband displayed a shotgun that apparently was laying on his lap. While radioing the development to his partner, Arnebeck started to exit the area. The surveillance had obviously been "burnt" so there was no reason to continue at this time. Normal procedure was to exit the area and possibly return in a few weeks or months with different vehicles.
However the husband was not done. He pursued Arnebeck and tried to get in front of Arnebeck's vehicle. At one point during the pursuit Arnebeck's vehicle was held up behind traffic and the husband exited his vehicle and ran to Arnebeck's door. Thankfully, the husband left his shotgun in his car so Arnebeck did not need to use his vehicle as a weapon or other drastic measure. After the husband tried opening the locked door he yelled "Why are you following me?" as he attempted to break the drivers side door glass with the side of his fist. At this point the vehicles shifted position enough for Arnebeck to drive forward. The husband held onto the door as he realized the vehicle was moving, but soon decided to let go as he was being dragged forward. Arnebeck made a few quick turns and the husband did not pick him back up. Unknown if the husband even tried.
A Murder Discussion and a Thief.
David Arnebeck helped several of his senior martial arts students secure positions as private detectives in his company. Mr. Krohn (who also achieved his martial arts Black Belt under Mr. Arnebeck), worked a lot of cases in Madison and Milwaukee Wi. Mr. Krohn probably wins the "prize" for most dangerous situation encountered during a case. Some times the cases require us to work in dangerous neighborhoods where drug-houses have "lookouts" stationed on the porch or on the street. During one of his assignments in a dangerous neighborhood, Mr. Krohn's surveillance became compromised, and a group of locals surrounded his vehicle. As Mr. Krohn was trying to talk his way out of the situation, the group that had him surrounded discussed whether they should "cap" him or let him go. Basically they were discussing if they should shoot him or not. Fortunately, Mr. Krohn succeeded in talking his way of of that dangerous situation.
On another occasion, Mr Krohn shot video of a car thief breaking into a car that was parked right next to his surveillance vehicle. The video was turned over to the police and the thief was later caught.
The Vehicle Destroyer
David Arnebeck set up surveillance early in the morning on a rural Wisconsin home, unlatching the hood of his SUV to give the impression of the vehicle being left there due to engine failure (a common technique when parking in difficult positions where there are no neighbors or any other reason to be parking there). As often happens, at one point during the day the claimant walked over to the vehicle to peer into the windows. (Actual surveillance is much different than is seen in TV shows or movies. Two guys eating doughnuts while sitting in the front of a vehicle will never work in about 90% of the cases. The surveillance vehicle Arnebeck was using had all of the rear windows tinted dark, with snap down curtains behind each window. There is also a curtain between the front of the vehicle and the rear. So when someone approaches, the curtain behind the window being used is closed so no-one can see the investigator or surveillance equipment positioned in the back of the vehicle.)
After apparently being satisfied by Arnebeck's engine failure scenario, the claimant then proceeded to work on his property throughout the day. After nightfall, Arnebeck exited the area. Later the next day, Arnebeck performed what is called a "spot check", which is a drive by of the claimants property to see if anything significant is occurring or has changed. Normally these are uneventful. Unfortunately, the claimant was just leaving his home at that time and was looking directly at Arnebeck's vehicle as he passed. The claimant decided to start following Arnebeck. Arnebeck drove into the nearest town and took a few turns, but the claimant stayed with him. At one point, when Arnebeck had to stop for traffic or a red light, the claimant exited his vehicle and asked Arnebeck to roll down his window. After a brief discussion the claimant was obviously not happy with Arnebeck's attempt at claiming it must of been another vehicle parked outside his property, so when Arnebeck tried to leave the angry claimant tore both the antenna and driver's side rear view mirror off his vehicle. He than continued to pursue Arnebeck down highway 94 for about 20 minutes before giving up on the chase.
The Motorcycle Gang
This solo surveillance by David Arnebeck started in Southern Minnesota. The claimant was observed loading a Harley Davidson motorcycle onto a trailer. Arnebeck then followed him to Humbolt Iowa and immediately knew he would be out of place as this was a motorcycle drag race event, with most of the attendees being motorcycle club or gang members complete with their jackets and affiliations such as the BPMs, Hell's Angels, and many more.
Arnebeck parked and bought an event t-shirt and Harly Davidson hat to try and blend in, and then decided to set up in the spectator stands. Keep in mind, in those days the camera gear was quite large and was powered by a full size marine battery weighing over 50 pounds, so not that easy to look inconspicuous. Arnebeck eventually secured the one corner seat that allowed video of the staging areas and the race area as well.
All was going well until Arnebeck realized that a rather large biker with the words "Vice President" prominently displayed on his jacket over his affiliation, was staring at him. Up to that time Arnebeck had been only recording the claimant, but now immediately started recording anything and everything at the event in an attempt to look "normal" as the biker continued to eye him suspiciously. However, the biker apparently lost interest after some time without confronting Arnebeck, allowing Arnebeck to continue the surveillance.
In order not to lose that one good spot, nor miss any action (a big no no in surveillance and legal grounds for the "selective editing" argument in court), Arnebeck stayed in that one spot all day getting a nice sunburn and developing blisters on his eyelids, ears and his nose. After the claimant appeared to be done for the day Arnebeck returned to his vehicle after grabbing some food and water, and was leaving the event when he became alert to the fact that the same "Vice President" that was watching him earlier, and about 20 of his bikers, were directly behind him and following him!
Similar to his previous situation the "Shotgun Husband" incident described earlier, one of Arnebeck's options was to use his vehicle as a weapon should the bikers demonstrate intent to do bodily harm. It might make sense for the Bikers to wait for Arnebeck to leave that public event if they decided to confront or attack him in a more private setting. Fortunately, when Arnebeck turned right onto the main road, the bikers turned left and headed the opposite way, with no interest at all in Arnebeck or his vehicle.
The Police Chase
David Arnebeck was on his way to do a spot check on a case with Mr. Reiten. On the way Mr. Arnebeck's SUV was hit from behind. The driver of the other vehicle left the scene of the accident and Mr. Arnebeck took pursuit to obtain his license plate number. Judging by his erratic driving he appeared to be intoxicated as Arnebeck made several quick turns to close the distance with the hit and run driver. At some point a police officer picked up on the chase behind Mr. Arnebeck and then pulled him over. The officer inspected the impact zone on Arnebeck's SUV, took Reiten's information on the hit and run driver, telling Arnebeck he would pay him a visit, but also ticketed Arnebeck for the pursuit. Arnebeck and Reiten then completed the spot check without further incident.
The Triple Pursuit
David Arnebeck was following a claimant in the Minneapolis/St paul area and noticed his vehicle losing power. The engine was racing but power was not transferring to the wheels efficiently for some reason. Not wanting to lose the claimant, Arnebeck was soon driving with an engine that was redlining but not going much faster than 50 mph. At an intersection, Arnebeck was late driving through a yellow light and cut off two lanes of oncoming traffic after the light turned red. One driver, understandably not happy with Arnebeck, began to follow him. It became kind of humorous. Now Arnebeck was trying to follow the claimant, slow vehicle with engine racing, while being followed by an angry motorist, all while trying to remain inconspicuous. Luckily Arnebeck was able to make it through a few intersections that cut off the offended driver, and miraculously still tail the claimant to his destination while remaining undetected. After the tow truck picked up Arnebeck's vehicle the shop reported the vehicle had a transmission oil leak.
The Airborn Pursuit Vehicle
Again, one of David Arnebeck's martial arts students that joined the PI firm "wins 1st place" for most dangerous pursuit. Mr. Piri was following a claimant through an intersection and was hit full force from the side by an oncoming vehicle. Mr. Piri's vehicle actually went airborne and flipped before the totaled vehicle came to rest. Piri sustained a significant injury to his leg that took him years to recover from.
The Jail Cell
Working approximately 100 cases per year, David Arnebeck would often have contact with the police. Most often this would be due to "a suspicious vehicle being reported" in the neighborhood. If an officer approached the surveillance vehicle and actually requested for any occupants to show themselves, standard procedure was always to cooperate with the police. After identifying himself as a licensed private investigator, the officers would normally be asked to report that we were "on official business" or something similar to those in the neighborhood, rather than report that we were investigators working surveillance on a particular individual. Most of the time officers were easy to work with. However, not all officers reacted this way, especially younger less experienced officers or perhaps officers that were just having a bad day. On one occasion, an officer approached Mr. Arnebeck's vehicle and the normal discussion described above ensued. However, the officer decided to take Mr. Arnebeck into custody and soon Arnebeck found himself inside a jail cell in a Northern Minneapolis suburb. After a few hours, Arnebeck was released after his identity and case assignment was confirmed with his PI firm, even though all the surveillance equipment, surveillance notes, along with the written case assignment, were all made available to the officer upon initial contact. After that, Arnebeck successfully continued the surveillance without incident.
Undercover vs Undercover
Another incident where the police were not very helpful: David Arnebeck was on survellance in the southern Minneapolis area and observed the claimant leaving his home. Mr. Arnebeck pursued him into the central Minneapolis area where he parked in a neighborhood with limited on-street parking. Sometimes getting a good parking position to observe a particular location is challenging, especially during a pursuit surveillance when the claimant could leave at any moment. During this particular surveillance, the only available spot was to park on the side of the street in front of some local bystanders. It was normal procedure to wait for a good time to move into the back of a surveillance vehicle, rather than having the locals or neighbors observe you move suspiciously into the back of a darkened vehicle.
As Mr. Arnebeck was keeping an eye on the claimant's vehicle and waiting for a good time to move to the back of his SUV, a woman approached and started asking questions. It soon became apparent that the woman was a prostitute interested in doing business. Now since this was undercover work in a fairly bad part of town, and the simple rule for successful surveillance is you should not look out of place if you want to maintain your cover, Arnebeck dealt with the woman as best he could as she tried to determine why he was parked there. It would have been a lot easier discussion if Arnebeck knew that this was, in fact, an undercover police officer trying to make arrests in the area. Soon Mr. Arnebeck had a police cruiser pull up to his vehicle and several officers started asking him questions. Even though it was fairly obvious that Arnebeck was on duty based on the surveillance equipment, the written case assignment, and the fact that the claimant's vehicle was parked about a block away, the officers seemed more interested in interrogation and writing a ticket. Arnebeck was ticketed for "solicitation" and sent on his way, but by this time the claimant had left the area. The solicitation ticket and file were eventually discarded from the court record.
City Workers Party
David Arnebeck was part of a small team of investigators tasked with observing a Minneapolis city employee that worked as a night-time cleaner around the Nicollet Mall area of the city. The employee not only avoided his job duties, he and his entire crew were documented going out clubbing and drinking while on duty. This case made national news headlines after the City of Minneapolis went public concerning the event.
Head of Operations and the Warrior's Cove
After hundreds of successful investigations throughout Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin, David Arnebeck was promoted to Head of Operations for the Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and Southern Minnesota region for his firm. In 1998 the combined workload of private investigation along with the continued growth of his martial arts gym, the Warrior's Cove, Arnebeck decided to submit his resignation in order to devote his full time and energy into working with his students. The Warrior's Cove Gyms continued to grow into the leading organization providing reality based MMA, Rickson Gracie Jiu Jitsu, Fitness Kickboxing, Kids and Family Classes, and Free Women's Self-Defense for the Minneapolis and Saint Paul MN area.
*Names of the claimants in the above cases have not been included in order to respect their privacy.